标题：Peking Opera

内容：
KnownasChina'snationalopera,PekingOpera,whichoriginatedinthelate18thcentury,isasynthesisofmusic,dance,artandacrobatics.

ItisthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeofalloperasinChina.

BasedupontraditionalAnhuiOpera,ithasalsoadoptedrepertoire,musicandperformingtechniquesfromKunOpera(alocaloperafromJiangsuProvince)andQinqiangOpera(fromShaanxiProvince)aswellastraditionalfolkrunesinitsdevelopment,eventuallyformingitsownhighlystylizedmusicandperformingtechniques.

PekingOperascanbepidedinto"civil"pieces,whicharecharacterizedbysinging,and"martial"ones,whichfeatureacrobaticsandstunts.

Someoperasarecombinationsofboth.

Itsrepertoireincludeshistoricalplays,comedies,tragediesandfarces,manyhistoricaleventsareadaptedintoPekingOperaplays,whichinthepastwereanimportantprimeronhistoryandethicalprinciplesforpoorlyeducatedfold.

Twoorchestras,playingstringandpercussioninstruments,accompanythesinging,whichfollowsafixedpatternbuthasavarietyofmelodiesandrhythms.

The"jinghu,"asmalltwo-stringedbowedinstrument,isthebackboneoftheorchestras.

TheoperaticdialoguesandmonologuesarerecitedinBeijingdialect,andsomeofthewordsarepronouncedinaspecialfashion,uniquetotheopera.

Theactorsandactresses,inadditiontosinging,usewell-establishedmovements,suchassmoothingabeard,adjustingahat,jerkingasleeveofraisingafoot,toexpresscertainemotionsandmeaning.

Thehandsandbodytremblingalloverindicatesextremeanger,andtheflickingofasleeveexpressesdisgust.

Ifanactorthrowshishandabovehisheadandflickshissleevesback,heisastonishedorsurprised.

Anactororactressdemonstratesembarrassmentbycoveringhisorherfacewithonesleeve.

Someofthemovementsarelesseasilyunderstood.

andactorgraspshissleeveswithaquickmovementandthenpromptlyputshishandsbehindhisbackinadecisivemannertoshowthatheisbracinghimselfforsomeperiltocome.

Sometimesamovementcangoonforaslongas20minutes.

Forexample,whileanactorisconceivingaplan,hisfingersandhandsflutternervouslyathissides,andwhentheplanisformulated,hejustthumpshisfistagainstthepalmofhishandwitharesoundingsmack.

Whenworriedtheactorwillrubhishandstogetherforseveralminutes.

PekingOpera'sacrobaticfighting,whetherbetweentwopartiesorinamelee,isaskillfulcombinationofmartialartsanddancing.

Therearefourrolesingeneral:themale,thefemale,the"paintedface,"andtheclown,whicharefurtherclassifiedbyageandprofession.

Shengormalerolescanbepidedintothreecategories:theold,theyoungandthemartialartsexpert.

Danorfemalerolesincludetheyoungandthemiddle-aged,theinnocentanddissolute,girlswithmartialartsskillsandoldwomen.

Jingorpaintedfacerolesarealwaysplayedbyfrankandopen-mindedmenwithbrightlycoloredfaces.

Chouorclownrolesaremarkedbyadabofwhiteontheridgeofthenose.

Thischaracterissometimespositive,kindheartedandhumorous,butsometimesnegative,crafty,maliciousorsilly.

Eachrolehasitsfixedsingingandactingstyles.

Liketheactingandsinging,themakeupisstylized,inspiredbythemaskswornbydancersinTang,SongandYuandynastyoperas.

Themakeuphighlightsandexaggeratestheprincipalfeaturesofcharacters.

Forthepaintedfacerole,thecoloroftheirmade-upfacescanbeanindicationoftheircharactersofpersonality.

Redindicatesuprightnessandloyalty;whiteiscraftinessandcunning.

Blueindicatesavigorous,courageousandenterprisingnaturewhileyellowmeansanintelligentcharacter,butalessextrovertedone.

Blackshowsasoundandhonestcharacterwhilebrownisoftenthesymbolofastubbornandobstinatecharacter.

ThecostumesarebasedonthoseoftheMingDynasty,nomatterwhenthestoryisset.

Thepropscanincludeaclothwall,tents,parasols,whips,paddlesandweapons.

Thepropsarerealistic,butnotsoelaboratethattheydetractfromtheperformance.

Exaggerationandsymbolismarecharacteristicsoftheopera.

Holdingawhipisenoughtoindicateanactorisgallopingonahorse.

Afewsoldiersonthestagemayrepresentawholearmy.

Anactorcirclingthestagesuggestsalongjourney.

Oftentherearejustatableandafewchairsonthestage.

Thedescriptionofmanysituationsdependsontheperformanceoftheactorsandactresses.

Openingadoor,walkingatnight,rowingaboat,eating,drinkingandthelikearealldemonstratedbythestylizedmovementsoftheactorsandactresses.

Performersalsousetheireyesandfacialexpressionstohelpconveythespecificmeaning.

Inthepast200years,numerousschoolsandcelebratedperformershaveemerged.

Manyofthemareemulatedbymodern-dayactorsandactresses.

FamousmaleactorsincludeTanXinpei,YangXiaolou,YuShuyan,MaLianliangandZhouXinfang.

ThemostfamousactorswhoplayedfemalerolesareMeiLanfang,ShangXiaoyun,ChengYanqiuandXunHuisheng.

PekingOperarepresentsanimportantpartofChinesecultureandhasbecomearefinedartformasaresultofthehardworkofhundredsofartistsoverthepasttwocenturies.

发布时间：2025-05-30 08:32:15
来源：政卿事迹网
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